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Definition 2024


See also:

Translingual

Shinjitai
Simplified
Traditional

Alternative forms

Note the difference in the upper right component between Chinese, where it resembles (half of , ), and Japanese, where it is rather .

Han character

(radical 108 +9 in Chinese, 皿+10 in Japanese, in Chinese 14 strokes, in Japanese 15 strokes, cangjie input 尸戈月廿 (SIBT) or 尸一月廿 (SMBT), four-corner 78107, composition ⿱⿰𠂉)

Derived characters

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 796, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23032
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1210, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2566, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+76E3

Chinese

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*ɡ·raːm
*ɡ·raːm
*ɡ·raːm
*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
*ɡ·raːm
*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
*ɡ·raːmʔ
*ɡ·raːmʔ
*ɡ·raːmʔ
*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
*ɡ·raːmʔ
*ɡ·raːmʔ
*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
*ɡ·raːms
*kraːm, *kraːms
*kraːm
*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
*ɡraːmʔ
*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
*ɡraːmʔ
*ɡraːmʔ
*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Ideogrammic compound (會意) :  + . Note the replacements / and .

Pronunciation 1



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕien³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ ~督
Hohhot /t͡ɕie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ke⁵³/
Suzhou /ke̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ka³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕie³¹/
/kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /kan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /kan⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kam⁵³/
Nanning /kam⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kam⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /kam⁵⁵/
/kã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /kaŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /kam³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /kam²³/ ~獄
/kam³⁵/ ~察

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (149)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠam/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚam/
Shao
Rongfen
/kam/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨm/
Li
Rong
/kam/
Wang
Li
/kam/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kam/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiān
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæm ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ˤram/
English inspect

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 6103
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːm/
Notes

Definitions

  1. to supervise; to oversee
  2. (historical) proctor; supervisor
  3. to control; to take charge; to direct
  4. (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch
  5. (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor
  6. to imprison; to incarcerate
  7. prison; jail; gaol
  8. to command; to lead

Compounds

Pronunciation 2



Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (149)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠamH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚamH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kamH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kaɨmH/
Li
Rong
/kamH/
Wang
Li
/kamH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kamH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiàn
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ kæmH ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˤram-s/
English mirror

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 6106
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kraːms/

Definitions

  1. to reflect; to see
  2. Alternative form of (jiàn, “mirror”).
  3. to use for reference; to draw lessons from
  4. (historical) supervisor; overseer
  5. (historical) imperial office
  6. (historical) eunuch

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. oversee
  2. bureaucrat
  3. government agency or office
  4. manage
  5. control or own

Readings

Compounds


Korean

Hanja

(gam) (hangeul , revised gam, McCune-Reischauer kam, Yale kam)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

(giam, giám, giớm, giợm, róm, giấm, lổm, ram, rướm, xám)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.