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Definition 2024
艦
艦
Translingual
Han character
艦 (radical 137 舟+14, 20 strokes, cangjie input 竹卜尸戈廿 (HYSIT) or 竹卜尸一廿 (HYSMT), four-corner 28417, composition ⿰舟監)
References
- KangXi: page 1013, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30571
- Dae Jaweon: page 1471, character 29
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3069, character 8
- Unihan data for U+8266
Chinese
| trad. | 艦 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 舰 | |
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
| 儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
| 蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
| 攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
| 擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
| 濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
| 嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
| 纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
| 監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
| 礛 | *kraːm |
| 鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
| 艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
| 壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
| 鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
Etymology
"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.
This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lɑmH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kˠamH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Min Dong readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC ɦˠamX, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): laam6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kam
- Min Dong (BUC): kāng
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): khe (T2)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
- Wade-Giles: chien4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
- IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: laam6
- Yale: laahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: laam6
- IPA (key): /lɑːm²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam
- Hakka Romanization System: gam
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam4
- IPA: /kam⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: kāng
- IPA (key): /kʰaŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām / kàm
- Tâi-lô: lām / kàm
- Phofsit Daibuun: lam, kaxm
- IPA (Xiamen): /lam²²/, /kam²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lam⁴¹/, /kam⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lam²²/, /kam²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /lam³³/, /kam¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lam³³/, /kam²¹/
- Note: kàm - common variant.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lam2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lám
- IPA (key): /lam⁵²/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: khe (T2)
- IPA (key): /kʰᴇ³⁴/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 艦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 銜 (149) |
| Tone (調) | Rising (X) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | II |
| Fanqie | 胡黤切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦˠamX/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦᵚamX/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣamX/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦaɨmX/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣamX/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣamX/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣamX/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
xiàn |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 艦 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 6109 |
| Phonetic component |
監 |
| Rime group |
談 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
檻 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡraːmʔ/ |
| Notes | 見釋名 |
Noun
艦
Compounds
Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
Compounds
|
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 艦 |
|
かん Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
Pronunciation
Noun
References
- ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
- ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
Korean
Hanja
艦 • (ham) (hangeul 함, revised ham, McCune-Reischauer ham, Yale ham)
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Vietnamese
Han character
艦 (hạm)
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