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Definition 2024
難
難
See also: 难
Translingual
Han character
難 (radical 172 隹+11 in Chinese, 隹+10 in Japanese, in Chinese 19 strokes, in Japanese 18 strokes, cangjie input 廿人人土 (TOOG), four-corner 40514, composition ⿰𦰩隹)
References
- KangXi: page 1370, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42128
- Dae Jaweon: page 1876, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4108, character 5
- Unihan data for U+96E3
Chinese
| trad. | 難 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 难 | |
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (暵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 儺 | *naːl |
| 臡 | *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl |
| 嘆 | *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns |
| 灘 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns |
| 擹 | *n̥ʰaːn |
| 攤 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns |
| 癱 | *n̥ʰaːn |
| 歎 | *n̥ʰaːns |
| 難 | *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns |
| 暵 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns |
| 熯 | *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ |
| 漢 | *hnaːns |
| 戁 | *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns) : phonetic 𦰩 + semantic 隹.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-n/t (“ill, pain, difficult, evil spirit”).
Cognate with Tibetan མནར་བ (mnar ba, “to suffer; suffering”), ན་བ (na ba, “to be sick, ill”), ནན་ཏེ (nan te, “sick, ill”), ནད (nad, “disease, suffering”), Burmese နာ (na, “to suffer pain, to be ill”), နတ် (nat, “nat (spirit), evil spirit”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: nan2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nan
- IPA (key): /na̠n³⁵/
-
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: naan4
- Yale: nàahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: naan4
- IPA (key): /nɑːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nanˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nan2
- IPA: /nan¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lân
- Tâi-lô: lân
- Phofsit Daibuun: laan
- IPA (Xiamen): /lan²⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lan²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lan¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /lan²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lan²³/
- (Hokkien)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 難 (難易) |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nan³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /nan²⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /nan⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /nã⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /nã⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /nan⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /nã²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /nã²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /nan⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /nan⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nan²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /nan³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nan²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /nã̠³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /laŋ²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /læ̃⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /næ̃¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /nɑŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /næ̃³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ne²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ne̞¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /nẽ̞²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /na³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /lɛ⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | /lɔ⁴⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lan¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /nan¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lan⁴⁵/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /nan¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | /nɑn¹¹/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nan²¹/ |
| Nanning | /nan²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /nan²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /lan³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /naŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /nuiŋ³³/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /laŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /naŋ³¹/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 那干切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/nɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/nɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/nɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/nan/ |
| Li Rong |
/nɑn/ |
| Wang Li |
/nɑn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/nɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
nán |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
nán |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nan › |
| Old Chinese |
/*nˤar/ |
| English | difficult |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 1/2 |
| No. | 4897 |
| Phonetic component |
暵 |
| Rime group |
元 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
難 |
| Old Chinese |
/*n̥ʰaːn/ |
| Notes | 朱駿聲暵省聲 |
Definitions
難
Compounds
Derived terms from 難
|
|
|
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˋ
- Wade-Giles: nan4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nann
- IPA (key): /na̠n⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: naan6
- Yale: naahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: naan6
- IPA (key): /nɑːn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nan
- Hakka Romanization System: nan
- Hagfa Pinyim: nan4
- IPA: /nan⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lān
- Tâi-lô: lān
- Phofsit Daibuun: lan
- IPA (Xiamen): /lan²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lan⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lan²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /lan³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lan³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 難 (遭難) |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /nan⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /nan⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /nan⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /nã²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /nã⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /nan³¹²/ | |
| Xi'an | /nã⁴⁴/ | |
| Xining | /nã²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /nan¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /lɛ̃n¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /nan²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /nan³⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /nan¹³/ | |
| Guiyang | /nan²¹³/ | |
| Kunming | /nã̠²¹²/ | |
| Nanjing | /laŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /læ̃⁵³/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /næ̃⁴⁵/ |
| Pingyao | /nɑŋ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /næ̃⁵⁵/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ne²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ne̞³¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /nẽ̞¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /na²²/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /lɛ²²/ |
| Tunxi | /lɔ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lan⁵⁵/ |
| Xiangtan | /nan⁵⁵/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /lan²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /nan⁵³/ |
| Taoyuan | /nɑn⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nan²²/ |
| Nanning | /nan²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /nan²²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /lan²²/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /nɑŋ²⁴²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /nuiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /laŋ³¹/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /naŋ³³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 泥 (8) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 奴案切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/nɑnH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/nɑnH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/nɑnH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/nanH/ |
| Li Rong |
/nɑnH/ |
| Wang Li |
/nɑnH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/nɑnH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
nàn |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
nàn |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ nanH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*nˤar-s/ |
| English | difficulty |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 難 |
| Reading # | 2/2 |
| No. | 4900 |
| Phonetic component |
暵 |
| Rime group |
元 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
攤 |
| Old Chinese |
/*naːns/ |
Definitions
難
Compounds
Derived terms from 難
|
|
|
Japanese
Kanji
難
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 難 |
|
なん Grade: 6 |
| on'yomi |