Japanese

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• (Tokyo) かたい [kàtáí] (Heiban - [0])^[2]
• IPA^(key): [ka̠ta̠i]

Adjective

難い ‎(-i inflection, hiragana かたい, romaji katai)

1. (archaic) difficult
   • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3401), text here:

     中麻奈尓 (なかまなに)、宇伎乎流布祢能 (うきをるふねの)、許藝弖奈婆 (こぎでなば)、安布許等 (あふこと)可多思 (かたし)、家布尓思安良受波 (けふにしあらずは)

     nakamana ni, ukiworu fune no, kogidenaba, afu koto katashi, kefu ni shiarazu wa

     If you go out rowing the boat floating on the Nakamana [river], meeting would be difficult, if we don't do it today.

Usage notes

This term is seldom used as an independent term in modern Japanese. It appears much more commonly as a suffix, as described below.

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Shift in pronunciation from katai above, as this term became more of a fused suffix than an independent term.^[1][2]The katai changes to gatai as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠ta̠i]

Suffix

難い ‎(hiragana がたい, romaji -gatai)

1. difficult or hard to do

   This suffix attaches to the 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.

   • c. 935: Tosa Nikki, page 3^[3]

     年頃 (としごろ)よく比 (くら)べつる人人 (ひとびと)なむ、別 (わか)れ難 (がた)く思 (おも)ひて、日 (ひ)しきりに、とかくしつつ、ののしるうちに、夜更 (よらふ)けぬ。

     Toshigoro yoku kurabetsuru hitobito namu, wakaregataku omohite, hi shikiri ni, tokaku shitsutsu, nonoshiru uchi ni, yora fukenu.

     Those who were close for many years found it difficult to part, and while boisterously getting things done all day, the night deepened.

Conjugation

Synonyms

• 難 (にく)い ‎(-nikui) (emphasis on “disagreeable to do”; see below)
• 辛 (づら)い ‎(-zurai) (emphasis on “painful to do”)

Antonyms

• 易 (やす)い ‎(-yasui)

Derived terms

Etymology 3

Derived as the suffixization of Old Japanese adjective 憎い ‎(nikui, “disagreeable, dislikeable”, modern “hateful, abominable”).^[1][2] Cognate with 憎む ‎(nikumu, “to hate”).^[2]

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• IPA^(key): [nikɯᵝi]

Alternative forms

• 悪い (rare)

Suffix

難い ‎(hiragana にくい, romaji -nikui)

1. difficult or hard to do (emphasis on the disagreeability of performing the action)

   This suffix attaches to the 連用形 ‎(ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb to express the difficulty of doing the action.

Usage notes

More commonly spelled in hiragana, as にくい.

Conjugation

Synonyms

• 難 (がた)い ‎(-gatai) (emphasis on “hard to do”; see above)
• 辛 (づら)い ‎(-zurai) (emphasis on “painful to do”)

Antonyms

• 易 (やす)い ‎(-yasui)

Derived terms

References

1. 1 2 3 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 1 2 3 4 5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
3. ↑ Hasegawa, Masaharu; Yūichirō Imanishi, Hiroshi Itō, Hiroshi Yoshioka (1989) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 24: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240024-7