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Definition 2024
論
論
See also: 论
Translingual
Han character
論 (radical 149 言+8, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜口人一月 (YROMB), four-corner 08627, composition ⿰言侖)
References
- KangXi: page 1168, character 13
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35658
- Dae Jaweon: page 1633, character 19
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3988, character 3
- Unihan data for U+8AD6
Chinese
| trad. | 論 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 论 | |
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (侖) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 蜦 | *ruːls, *run |
| 綸 | *kruːn, *ɡ·run |
| 論 | *ruːn, *ruːns, *run |
| 崘 | *ruːn |
| 掄 | *ruːn, *run |
| 菕 | *ruːn |
| 惀 | *ruːnʔ, *run |
| 睔 | *ɡ·ruːnʔ, *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ |
| 碖 | *ruːnʔ, *ruːns |
| 溣 | *ruːns |
| 倫 | *run |
| 淪 | *run |
| 輪 | *run |
| 侖 | *run |
| 陯 | *run |
| 鯩 | *run |
| 棆 | *run |
| 踚 | *run |
| 耣 | *runʔ |
| 錀 | *pqʰlun |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ruːn, *ruːns, *run) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 侖 (OC *run).
Etymology
Compare Mizo râwn (“to ask advice, to consult, to ask”) [high-tone], Mizo râwn (“to suggest, to advise, to recommend”) [low-tone].
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): leon6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lun
- Min Dong (BUC): lâung
- Min Nan (POJ): lūn
- Wu (Wiktionary): len (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˋ
- Wade-Giles: lun4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luenn
- IPA (key): /lu̯ən⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: leon6
- Yale: leuhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: loen6
- IPA (key): /lɵn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lun
- Hakka Romanization System: lun
- Hagfa Pinyim: lun4
- IPA: /lun⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lâung
- IPA (key): /l̃ɔuŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
- Tâi-lô: lūn
- Phofsit Daibuun: lun
- IPA (Xiamen): /lun²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /lun³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: len (T3)
- IPA (key): /ləɲ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 論 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /luən⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /luən⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /luən⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /luẽ⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /luə̃⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /luən⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /lyẽ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /lyə̃²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan |
/luŋ⁵³/ ～語 /luŋ¹³/ 言～ |
|
| Lanzhou | /lũn¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /lun²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /nən³⁵/ | |
| Chengdu |
/nən¹³/ /nuən¹³/ |
|
| Guiyang | /len²¹³/ | |
| Kunming | /luə̃²¹²/ | |
| Nanjing | /lun⁴⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /lən⁵³/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan |
/luəŋ¹¹/ /lyəŋ¹¹/ /luəŋ⁴⁵/ /lyəŋ⁴⁵/ |
| Pingyao | /luŋ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /lũŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ləŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /lən³¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /len²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /lø³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /lʌ̃²²/ |
| Tunxi | /luːə/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /lən¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /nən¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /lun⁵³/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /løn²²/ |
| Nanning | /lɐn²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /løn²²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /lun³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /lɔuŋ²⁴²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /lɔŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /luŋ³⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) | /lun³³/ |
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 論 | 論 |
| Reading # | 3/3 | 2/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 魂 (55) | 魂 (55) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed | Closed |
| Division (等) | I | I |
| Fanqie | 盧困切 | 盧昆切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/luənH/ | /luən/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/luonH/ | /luon/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/luənH/ | /luən/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/lwənH/ | /lwən/ |
| Li Rong |
/luənH/ | /luən/ |
| Wang Li |
/luənH/ | /luən/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/luənH/ | /luən/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
lùn | lún |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 論 | 論 |
| Reading # | 2/3 | 1/3 |
| No. | 8656 | 8649 |
| Phonetic component |
侖 | 侖 |
| Rime group |
文 | 文 |
| Rime subdivision |
2 | 2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
論 | 論 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ruːns/ | /*ruːn/ |
Definitions
論
- to discuss; to reason; to debate; to argue
- to assess; to evaluate; to judge; to weigh
- to state; to talk about; to recount
- to treat; to regard; to handle
- to take into consideration; to consider
- according to; on the basis of
- discussion; dialogue; discourse
- essay; discourse
- theory; thesis; system
Compounds
Derived terms from 論
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Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): leon4, leon6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): lùn
- Min Dong (BUC): lùng
- Min Nan (POJ): lūn
- Wu (Wiktionary): len (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄣˊ
- Wade-Giles: lun2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: luen
- IPA (key): /lu̯ən³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: leon4, leon6
- Yale: lèuhn, leuhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: loen4, loen6
- IPA (key): /lɵn²¹/, /lɵn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùn
- Hakka Romanization System: lunˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lun2
- IPA: /lun¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: lùng
- IPA (key): /l̃uŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lūn
- Tâi-lô: lūn
- Phofsit Daibuun: lun
- IPA (Xiamen): /lun²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lun⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lun²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /lun³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /lun³³/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: len (T3)
- IPA (key): /ləɲ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 論 |
| Reading # | 1/3 |
| Initial (聲) | 來 (37) |
| Final (韻) | 諄 (47) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Closed |
| Division (等) | III |
| Fanqie | 力迍切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/liuɪn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/lʷin/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ljuen/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/lwin/ |
| Li Rong |
/liuĕn/ |
| Wang Li |
/lĭuĕn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/li̯uĕn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
lún |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 論 |
| Reading # | 3/3 |
| No. | 8667 |
| Phonetic component |
侖 |
| Rime group |
文 |
| Rime subdivision |
2 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
淪 |
| Old Chinese |
/*run/ |
Definitions
論
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
論
Readings
Compounds
Compounds