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Definition 2024


U+4F86, 來
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F86

[U+4F85]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4F87]
See also: and

Translingual

Simplified

Traditional

Japanese

Korean

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

(radical 9 +6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition)

Descendants

References

  • KangXi: page 101, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
  • Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 141, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4F86

Chinese

trad.
simp.

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (large seal) and
  • Xu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series () (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
*m·rɯːɡ
*rɯː, *rɯːs
*rɯː
*rɯː, *rɯːs
*rɯː
*rɯː, *ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
*rɯː
*rɯː
*rɯː
*rɯː
*rɯː
*rɯː
*rɯː, *rɯ
*rɯː, *rɯːs
*rɯː
*rɯːʔ, *rrɯː
*rɯːs
*rɯːs
*rɯːs
*rɯːs, *r̥ʰɯ, *r̥ʰɯs, *r̥ʰɯs
*rɯ
*ŋrɯns
*ŋrɯns
*mrɯːɡ

It is shaped like corn or wheat (similar to ), symbolising the coming of the crops. Its Old Chinese pronunciation begins with “*mr-”. The meaning “come” was originally represented by (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”), adding a radical meaning “footprint” or “walk slowly”. Their meanings have interchanged. M-remaining is , l-remaining is .

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra.

Pronunciation



Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (37)
Final () (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun
/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen
/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ləj/
Li
Rong
/lᴀi/
Wang
Li
/lɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren
/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
lái
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
lái lái
Middle
Chinese
‹ loj › ‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese
/*mə.rˤək/ (> *mə.rˤə) /*mə.rˤək/ (> *rˤə)
English a kind of wheat come

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

  1. to come; to arrive
    Antonyms: ()
  2. to happen; to occur
  3. to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
  4. since
  5. next; coming; future
    • /    lái nián   next year
  6. (after a number) about; approximately; around
  7. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
    • /    xiàlái   to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]
    • /    jìnlái   to come in
  8. Used before a verb to express volition.
  9. Used with or to express capability.
    俯臥撐 / 俯卧撑   Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng.   I can't do push-ups.
  10. Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
  11. Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
  12. A surname.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of (“to come”)
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
Mandarin Beijing
Cantonese Guangzhou
Hong Kong
Taishan

Compounds


Japanese

Kanji

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

  1. come

Usage notes

Not used in modern Japanese, except in some names. In regular text, the shinjitai character is used instead.

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

From Sinitic .

Pronunciation

Prefix

(kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji , hiragana らい, romaji rai-)

  1. Kyūjitai spelling of next, coming (week, year, etc.)
    •  (らい) (ねん) (らい) (しゅう)
      rainen, raishū
      next year, next week
       (らい)週月曜日 (しゅうげつようび) ()いましょう。
      Raishū getsuyōbi ni aimashō.
      Let's meet Monday next. / Let's meet this coming Monday.

Suffix

(kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji , hiragana らい, romaji -rai)

  1. Kyūjitai spelling of since, in (a span of time)
    • 三年 (さんねん) (らい)あれを ()ていない。
      San nen rai are o mite inai.
      I haven't seen that in three years / since three years ago.

Etymology 2

From Old Japanese. The verb ku is one of the few monosyllabic verb roots in Japanese. This developed into kuru in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

Verb

(kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji , irregular conjugation, hiragana , romaji ku)

  1. (obsolete) to approach ones position from a remote location: to come
    Developed into 來る (くる, kuru) in modern Japanese.

Korean

Hanja

(rae>nae) (hangeul >, McCune-Reischauer rae>nae, Yale lay>nay)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

(lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References