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Definition 2025
余
余
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Translingual
| Shinjitai | 余 |
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| Simplified | 余/馀 |
| Traditional | 餘 |
Han character
余 (radical 9 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人一木 (OMD), four-corner 80904, composition ⿱亼朩)
Derived terms
References
- KangXi: page 99, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 515
- Dae Jaweon: page 208, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 128, character 4
- Unihan data for U+4F59
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 余
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (余) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 斜 | *lja, *laː |
| 茶 | *rlaː |
| 荼 | *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː |
| 梌 | *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 搽 | *rlaː |
| 塗 | *rlaː, *l'aː |
| 佘 | *ɦlja |
| 賒 | *hljaː |
| 畬 | *hljaː, *la |
| 舍 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 捨 | *hljaːʔ |
| 騇 | *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs |
| 涻 | *hljaːs |
| 稌 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ |
| 悇 | *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las |
| 庩 | *l̥ʰaː |
| 捈 | *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː |
| 途 | *l'aː |
| 酴 | *l'aː |
| 駼 | *l'aː |
| 鵌 | *l'aː, *la |
| 涂 | *l'aː, *l'a |
| 嵞 | *l'aː |
| 峹 | *l'aː |
| 筡 | *l'aː, *l̥ʰa |
| 蒤 | *l'aː |
| 徐 | *lja |
| 俆 | *lja |
| 叙 | *ljaʔ |
| 漵 | *ljaʔ |
| 除 | *l'a, *l'as |
| 篨 | *rla |
| 滁 | *rla |
| 蒢 | *rla |
| 蜍 | *ɦlja, *la |
| 鵨 | *hljaː |
| 瑹 | *hlja |
| 余 | *la |
| 餘 | *la |
| 艅 | *la |
| 狳 | *la |
| 雓 | *la |
| 悆 | *las |
Pictogram (象形) – thatched cottage; house. Original form of 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs, “house”).
Etymology 1
| For pronunciation and definitions of 余 – see 餘. (This character, 余, is the simplified form of 餘.) |
Notes:
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Etymology 2
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simp. and trad. |
余 | |
|---|---|---|
Related to 予 (OC *la, “I”), 台 (OC *lɯ, “I”) and 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ, “my; I”), forming the *l- series of first-person Old Chinese personal pronouns. This series is commonly used by Shang Dynasty kings to refer to themselves.
In contrast, Old Chinese also had the *ŋ- series of first-person pronouns, represented by 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ, “I”) and 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː, “I”), which became more widely used over time.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yì
- Min Nan (POJ): û / îr / î
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhy (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩˊ
- Wade-Giles: yü2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yu
- IPA (key): /y³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: jyu4
- Yale: yùh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4
- IPA (key): /jyː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: û
- Tâi-lô: û
- Phofsit Daibuun: uu
- IPA (Xiamen): /u²⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /u²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /u²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: îr
- Tâi-lô: îr
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɯ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: î
- Tâi-lô: î
- Phofsit Daibuun: ii
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /i¹³/
- IPA (Taipei): /i²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /i²³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhy (T3)
- IPA (key): /ɦy²³/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | 余 | 余 |
| Reading # | 1/2 | 2/2 |
| Initial (聲) | 以 (36) | 常 (25) |
| Final (韻) | 魚 (22) | 麻 (100) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open | Open |
| Division (等) | III | III |
| Fanqie | 以諸切 | 視遮切 |
| Reconstructions | ||
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/jɨʌ/ | /d͡ʑia/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/jiɔ/ | /d͡ʑia/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/iɔ/ | /d͡ʑia/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/jɨə̆/ | /d͡ʑia/ |
| Li Rong |
/iɔ/ | /ʑia/ |
| Wang Li |
/jĭo/ | /ʑĭa/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/i̯wo/ | /ʑi̯a/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
yú | ché |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 余 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
yú |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ yo › |
| Old Chinese |
/*la/ |
| English | 1sg., prob. a polite form |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 余 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 15798 |
| Phonetic component |
余 |
| Rime group |
魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
余 |
| Old Chinese |
/*la/ |
| Notes | 說文舍省聲，甲文即象居舍初文 |
Definitions
余
Synonyms
| Dialectal synonyms of 我 (“I”) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Classical Chinese | 吾、我、私、余、予、台、朕 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 我 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 我 |
| Jinan | 我、俺 | |
| Xi'an | 我 | |
| Wuhan | 我 | |
| Chengdu | 我 | |
| Yangzhou | 我 | |
| Hefei | 我 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 我 |
| Hong Kong | 我 | |
| Taishan | 我 | |
| Yangjiang | 我 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 我 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 𠊎 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 𠊎 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 𠊎 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 𠊎 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 𠊎 | |
| Zhuolan (Raoping) | 𠊎 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 𠊎 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 我 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 我 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 我、奴 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 我 |
| Taipei | 我 | |
| Chaozhou | 我 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 我、吾、阿拉 |
| Suzhou | 我、奴 | |
| Wenzhou | 我 | |
| Ningbo | 我、我儂、像我 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 我 |
| Shuangfeng | 我、卬 | |
Compounds
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Japanese
Suffix
余 (shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai kanji 餘, hiragana よ, romaji -yo)
Synonyms
- 以上 (ijō)
Kanji
(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 餘)
Readings
Compounds
Related terms
- 余す
Korean
Hanja
余 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune-Reischauer yŏ)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
Han character
余 (dư, dờ)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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