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Definition 2024

固

固

固 U+56FA, 固
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56FA
← 囹
[U+56F9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 囻 →
[U+56FB]
See also: 周

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

固 (radical 31 囗+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田十口 (WJR), four-corner 60604, composition ⿴囗古)

  1. to become solid, solidify
  2. strength

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 218, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4745
  • Dae Jaweon: page 445, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 716, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+56FA

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 固

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古暮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kuoH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kuoH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /koH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɔH/
Li
Rong		 /koH/
Wang
Li		 /kuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kuoH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 gù
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 gù
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kuH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[k]ˤa-s/
English fortified, secure

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 固
Reading # 1/1
No. 4230
Phonetic
component		 古
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 顧
Old
Chinese		 /*kaːs/

Definitions

固

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

  • 固有​​
  • 固步自封
  • 固氮
  • 固沙林
  • 固然 (gùrán)
  • 固相 (gùxiàng)
  • 固習／固习
  • 固若金湯／固若金汤
  • 固著／固着
  • 固辭／固辞 (gùcí)
  • 固陋
  • 固體／固体 (gùtǐ)
  • 固體潮／固体潮
  • 固體電路／固体电路

Japanese

Kanji

固

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

固 • ‎(go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune-Reischauer ko)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

固 (cố, có, cuá)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology

Historical forms of the character 固
Bronze inscriptions Bamboo and silk script Large seal script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
箇 *kaːls
個 *kaːls
居 *kɯ, *kas
橭 *kaː, *kʰaː
嫴 *kaː
姑 *kaː
辜 *kaː
酤 *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄 *kaː
鴣 *kaː
沽 *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬 *kaː, *kaːʔ
古 *kaːʔ
罟 *kaːʔ
估 *kaːʔ
鈷 *kaːʔ
詁 *kaːʔ
牯 *kaːʔ
故 *kaːs
固 *kaːs
稒 *kaːɡs
痼 *kaːɡs
錮 *kaːɡs
鯝 *kaːɡs
棝 *kaːɡs
凅 *kaːɡs
枯 *kʰaː
軲 *kʰaː
跍 *kʰaː
骷 *kʰaː
苦 *kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫 *qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬 *ɡaː
瑚 *ɡaː
湖 *ɡaː
鶘 *ɡaː
猢 *ɡaː
醐 *ɡaː
糊 *ɡaː
箶 *ɡaː
蝴 *ɡaː
胡 *ɡaː
瓳 *ɡaː
怙 *ɡaːʔ
祜 *ɡaːʔ
岵 *ɡaːʔ
婟 *ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛 *ɡaːʔ
据 *ka
裾 *ka
琚 *ka
椐 *ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋 *ka
蜛 *ka
崌 *ka
涺 *ka
腒 *ka, *ɡa
鋸 *kas
倨 *kas
踞 *kas
涸 *ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 古 ‎(OC *kaːʔ).

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