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Definition 2024

短

短

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

短 (radical 111 矢+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人大一口廿 (OKMRT), four-corner 81418, composition ⿰矢豆)

References

  • KangXi: page 824, character 33
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23978
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1237, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2584, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+77ED

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 短

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
侸 *toː
剅 *toː, *roː
郖 *toː, *doːs
鬪 *toːs
鋀 *tʰoː
頭 *doː
豆 *doːs
逗 *doːs, *dos
痘 *doːs
梪 *doːs
脰 *doːs
荳 *doːs
浢 *doːs
餖 *doːs
毭 *doːs
豎 *djoʔ
裋 *djoʔ
短 *toːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːnʔ) : semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 ‎(OC *doːs).

Etymology

The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:

  • Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
    • 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s)
    • 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s)
    • 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ).
  • Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).

STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) ‎(“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း ‎(taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw ‎(“short”), whence Burmese တို ‎(tui, “short”), Mizo tawi ‎(“short”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都管切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tʷɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /twanX/
Li
Rong		 /tuɑnX/
Wang
Li		 /tuɑnX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /tuɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 duǎn
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 duǎn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ twanX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˤorʔ/
English short

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 短
Reading # 1/1
No. 2480
Phonetic
component		 豆
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 短
Old
Chinese		 /*toːnʔ/

Definitions

短

  1. short (of distance)
    Antonyms: 長／长 (cháng)
  2. short (of time); brief
  3. deficient; lacking
  4. weakness; shortcoming; mistake

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

短

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. short

Readings

Compounds

References

  • New Nelson: 3982
  • Halpern: 3277
  • Halpern Learners: 801
  • Heisig: 1442
  • Tuttle Kanji Dictionary: 3d9.27
  1. Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.
Kanji in this term
短
たん
Grade: 3
on'yomi

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 短 ‎(twanX, “short”).

Pronunciation

Noun

短 ‎(hiragana たん, romaji tan)

  1. fault, weak point
  2. (music) minor

Antonyms

References

  1. ↑ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  2. ↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Korean

Hanja

短 • ‎(dan) (hangeul 단, McCune-Reischauer tan, Yale tan)

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Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

短 (đoản, đuỗn, ngắn, vắn)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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