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Definition 2025
代
代
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Translingual
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Han character
代 (radical 9 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈心 (OIP), four-corner 23240, composition ⿰亻弋)
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 93, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 386
- Dae Jaweon: page 197, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 113, character 5
- Unihan data for U+4EE3
Chinese
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simp. and trad. |
代 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 代 | |||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (弋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 戴 | *ʔl'ɯːɡs |
| 襶 | *tɯːɡs |
| 貸 | *l̥ʰɯːɡs |
| 代 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 袋 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 岱 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 黛 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 玳 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 帒 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 甙 | *l'ɯːɡs |
| 酨 | *l'ɯːs, *zlɯːs |
| 試 | *hljɯɡs |
| 弒 | *hljɯɡs |
| 忒 | *l̥ʰɯːɡ |
| 貣 | *l̥ʰɯːɡ, *l'ɯːɡ |
| 鴏 | *l'ɯːɡ |
| 栻 | *l̥ʰɯɡ, *hljɯɡ |
| 侙 | *l̥ʰɯɡ |
| 恜 | *l̥ʰɯɡ |
| 式 | *hljɯɡ |
| 軾 | *hljɯɡ |
| 拭 | *hljɯɡ |
| 鉽 | *hljɯɡ |
| 烒 | *hljɯɡ |
| 弋 | *lɯɡ |
| 芅 | *lɯɡ |
| 黓 | *lɯɡ |
| 隿 | *lɯɡ |
| 杙 | *lɯɡ |
| 釴 | *lɯɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *l'ɯːɡs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 弋 (OC *lɯɡ).
弋 and 代 were near-homophones in Old Chinese; Baxter-Sagart give *lək for 弋 and *lˤək-s for 代 (the -s is a suffix). See also 式.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): doi6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thoi / thai
- Min Nan (POJ): tē / tēr / tāi / tài
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˋ
- Wade-Giles: tai4
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: day
- IPA (key): /taɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: doi6
- Yale: doih
- Cantonese Pinyin: doi6
- IPA (key): /tɔːi̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thoi / thai
- Hakka Romanization System: toi / tai
- Hagfa Pinyim: toi4 / tai4
- IPA: /tʰo̯i⁵⁵/, /tʰa̯i⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tē
- Tâi-lô: tē
- Phofsit Daibuun: de
- IPA (Xiamen): /te²²/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /te²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /te³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /te³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tēr
- Tâi-lô: tēr
- IPA (Quanzhou): /tə⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
- Tâi-lô: tāi
- Phofsit Daibuun: dai
- IPA (Xiamen): /taɪ²²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /taɪ⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /taɪ²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /taɪ³³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /taɪ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tài
- Tâi-lô: tài
- Phofsit Daibuun: daix
- IPA (Xiamen): /taɪ²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /taɪ⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /taɪ²¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /taɪ¹¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /taɪ²¹/
- Note: tē/tēr - vernacular; tāi - literary; tài - literary (limited, e.g. 交代).
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 代 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /tai⁵¹/ |
| Harbin | /tai⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /tai⁵³/ | |
| Jinan | /tɛ²¹/ | |
| Qingdao | /tɛ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /tai³¹²/ | |
| Xi'an | /tai⁴⁴/ | |
| Xining | /tɛ²¹³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /tɛ¹³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /tɛ¹³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /tai²¹³/ | |
| Wuhan | /tai³⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /tai¹³/ | |
| Guiyang | /tai²¹³/ | |
| Kunming | /tæ²¹²/ | |
| Nanjing | /tae⁴⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /te̞⁵³/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /tai⁴⁵/ |
| Pingyao | /tæ³⁵/ | |
| Hohhot | /tɛ⁵⁵/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /de²³/ |
| Suzhou | /de̞³¹/ | |
| Hangzhou | /de̞¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /de²²/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /tʰɛ²²/ |
| Tunxi |
/tə¹¹/ /ta⁴²/ |
|
| Xiang | Changsha |
/tai⁵⁵/ /tai¹¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /tai⁵⁵/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /tʰai²¹/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /tʰio⁵³/ |
| Taoyuan | /tʰoi⁵⁵/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tɔi²²/ |
| Nanning | /tɔi²²/ | |
| Hong Kong | /tɔi²²/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) |
/tai²²/ /te²²/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /tɔy²⁴²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /to⁴⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) |
/tʰoi²¹³/ /to³¹/ |
|
| Haikou (Min Nan) |
/ʔdai³⁵/ /ʔdai³³/ /ʔde²³/ |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 代 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
| Final (韻) | 咍 (41) |
| Tone (調) | Departing (H) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 徒耐切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/dʌiH/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/dəiH/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/dɒiH/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/dəjH/ |
| Li Rong |
/dᴀiH/ |
| Wang Li |
/dɒiH/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/dʱɑ̆iH/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
dài |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 代 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
dài |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ dojH › |
| Old Chinese |
/*lˤək-s/ |
| English | replace |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 代 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 14963 |
| Phonetic component |
弋 |
| Rime group |
代 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
代 |
| Old Chinese |
/*l'ɯːɡs/ |
Definitions
代
- replace, replacement (of person or generation)
- era
- generation
- (grammar) Short for 代名詞/代名词 (dàimíngcí); short for 代詞/代词 (dàicí, “pronoun”).
Compounds
Japanese
Noun
代 (hiragana しろ, romaji shiro)
- (archaic) substitution
- (archaic) price, cost, charge
- (historical) shiro, a unit of land
- price
- generation of a family
- reign of a royal
- decade
- era
Alternative forms
Counter
- generation of a royal family
- era, age, decade
Suffix
Kanji
Readings
- Goon: だい (dai)
- Kan’on: たい (tai)
- Kun: かわる (代わる, kawaru), かわる (代る, kawaru), かわり (代り, kawari), かわり (代わり, kawari), -がわり (代り, -gawari), -がわり (代わり, -gawari), かえる (代える, kaeru), よ (yo), しろ (shiro)
- Nanori: す
Compounds
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Korean
Hanja
代 • (dae) (hangeul 대, revised dae, McCune-Reischauer tae)
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Vietnamese
Han character
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