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Definition 2024
孤
孤
Translingual
Han character
孤 (radical 39 子+5 in Chinese, 子+6 in Japanese, in Chinese 8 strokes, in Japanese 9 strokes, cangjie input 弓木竹女人 (NDHVO), four-corner 12430, composition ⿰子瓜)
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 279, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6966
- Dae Jaweon: page 547, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1014, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5B64
Chinese
|
simp. and trad. |
孤 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Characters in the same phonetic series (瓜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 瓜 | *kʷraː |
| 坬 | *kʷraːs |
| 窊 | *qʷraː, *qʷraːs |
| 畖 | *qʷraː |
| 搲 | *qʷraːs |
| 攨 | *qʷraːs |
| 孤 | *kʷaː |
| 苽 | *kʷaː |
| 胍 | *kʷaː |
| 泒 | *kʷaː |
| 呱 | *kʷaː |
| 觚 | *kʷaː |
| 柧 | *kʷaː |
| 罛 | *kʷaː |
| 軱 | *kʷaː |
| 菰 | *kʷaː |
| 箛 | *kʷaː |
| 狐 | *ɡʷaː |
| 弧 | *ɡʷlaː |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kʷaː) : semantic 子 (“child”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gu1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû
- Min Dong (BUC): gŭ
- Min Nan (POJ): ko͘
- Wu (Wiktionary): ku (T1)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ
- Wade-Giles: ku1
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gu
- IPA (key): /ku⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: gu1
- Yale: gū
- Cantonese Pinyin: gu1
- IPA (key): /kuː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû
- Hakka Romanization System: gu´
- Hagfa Pinyim: gu1
- IPA: /ku²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gŭ
- IPA (key): /ku⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
- Tâi-lô: koo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kof
- IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁴⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien)
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: ku (T1)
- IPA (key): /kv̩ʷ⁵³/
- (Shanghainese)
- Dialectal data▼
| Variety | Location | 孤 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ku⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ku⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ku²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /ku²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /ku²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ku²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /ku²¹/ | |
| Xining | /kv̩⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ku⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ku³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ku⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /ku⁵⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /ku⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /ku⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /ku⁴⁴/ | |
| Nanjing | /ku³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /ku²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ku¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ku¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /ku³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ku⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /kəu⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ku³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ku³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ku³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /ku¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ku³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ku³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ku⁴²/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /ku⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /ku⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /ku⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /ku⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /kɔ⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /ku⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /ku⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Min Nan) | /kou³³/ | |
| Haikou (Min Nan) |
/ku²³/ ～獨 /kɔu²³/ ～寒 |
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 孤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 見 (28) |
| Final (韻) | 模 (23) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 古胡切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/kuo/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/kuo/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ko/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/kɔ/ |
| Li Rong |
/ko/ |
| Wang Li |
/ku/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/kuo/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
gū |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 孤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
gū |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ ku › |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʷˤa/ |
| English | orphan |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; | |
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 孤 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4347 |
| Phonetic component |
瓜 |
| Rime group |
魚 |
| Rime subdivision |
0 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
孤 |
| Old Chinese |
/*kʷaː/ |
Definitions
孤
Compounds
Derived terms from 孤
|
|
|
Japanese
Kanji
孤
Readings
Compounds
Compounds
|
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 孤 |
|
こ Grade: S |
| on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 孤 (ku).
Pronunciation
Noun
Etymology 2
Jukujikun kanji use for the term みなしご, itself a compound of 身 (mi, “identity, family”) + 無 (nashi, “none, without”) + 子 (ko, “child”). The final syllable's ko reading changes to go due to rendaku (連濁).
Pronunciation
Noun
孤 (hiragana みなしご, romaji minashigo)
References
Korean
Hanja
孤 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune-Reischauer ko)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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