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Definition 2024

堅

堅

See also: 坚

Translingual

Han character

堅 (radical 32 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 77104, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

References

  • KangXi: page 232, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
  • Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 451, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5805

Chinese

trad. 堅
simp. 坚

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
臤 *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins
掔 *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn
慳 *kʰriːn
藖 *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns
堅 *kiːn
鋻 *kiːn, *kiːns
鰹 *kiːn
蜸 *kʰiːnʔ
菣 *kʰiːns, *kʰins
賢 *ɡiːn
礥 *ɡiːn, *ɢrin
臔 *ɡiːnʔ
挋 *kiŋs
臣 *ɡiŋ
茞 *ɡiŋ
腎 *ɡjinʔ
頣 *hŋiŋʔ
緊 *kinʔ
嚚 *ŋɡriŋ
鏗 *kʰreːŋ
摼 *kʰreːŋ
硻 *kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kiːn) : phonetic 臤 ‎(OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 古賢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ken/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ken/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɛn/
Li
Rong		 /ken/
Wang
Li		 /kien/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiān
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ken ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˤi[ŋ]/
English spoillliadr, strong

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
No. 1330
Phonetic
component		 臣
Rime
group		 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 堅
Old
Chinese		 /*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

  1. hard
  2. strong; firm
  3. resolute

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

堅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. hard, firm

Readings

Compounds

Proper noun

堅 ‎(hiragana けん, romaji Ken)

  1. A male given name

Korean

Hanja

堅 • ‎(gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune-Reischauer kyŏn)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

堅 (kiên, keng, kiêng, gắn, ghiền)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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