Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 文化 (“culture”), from Chinese 文化 ‎(“culture”), from Japanese 文化 ‎(“culture”), from Middle Chinese 文化 ‎(“the way of educating by using morality, literature and music”)

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [vɐn˧˧ hwaː˧ˀ˦]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [vɐŋ˧˧ hwaː˩ˀ˧]
• (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA^(key): [vʲɐŋ˧˥ waː˦ˀ˥]