English

Alternative forms

• -in’

Suffix

-in

1. (proscribed, dialect or eye dialect) Alternative form of -ing
2. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).

Derived terms

Chuukese

Suffix

-in

1. of

Synonyms

• -en

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

-in

1. Suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals.

   matčin bratr‎ ― mother's brother

Declension

Derived terms

Dutch

Pronunciation

Suffix

-in f ‎(plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)

1. Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.

Derived terms

Related terms

• -es

Finnish

Etymology 1

Suffix

-in

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-in

1. Instructive case suffix.

   kaksin käsin = with two hands

   paljain silmin = with bare eyes

   pitkin askelin = with long steps

   hyvissä ajoin = in good time

Usage notes

No distinction is made between singular and plural, the -i- is always present. The suffix is added by replacing the inessive plural ending -ssa/-ssä with -n.

Etymology 3

Suffix

-in

1. (poetic) A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.

   rakkaani = rakkain

Etymology 4

Suffix

-in

1. (rare) Forms the genitive plural.

Usage notes

• Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
• Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also also sometimes present.
• Nowadays This suffix is rare and usually gives archaic tone. Certain names, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat (singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.

See also

• -den
• -en
• -n
• -ten
• -tten

Etymology 5

Suffix

-in

1. Forms superlative adjectives.

   heikko ‎(“weak”) → heikoin ‎(“weakest”)

   matala ‎(“low, shallow”) → matalin ‎(“lowest, shallowest”)

   ruma ‎(“ugly”) → rumin ‎(“ugliest”)

   suuri ‎(“large, big”) → suurin ‎(“largest, biggest”)

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

See also

• -mpi

Etymology 6

From Proto-Finnic *-in.

Suffix

-in

1. Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.

   avata ‎(“to open”) → avain ‎(“key”)

   keittää ‎(“to cook, boil”) → keitin ‎(“appliance for cooking/boiling”)

   puhella ‎(“to chat, chatter”) → puhelin ‎(“telephone”)

Declension

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

Derived terms

See also

• -ari
• -ja
• -tär
• -uri

French

Etymology

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Suffix

-in

1. adjectival suffix

   enfantin, from enfant

2. nominal suffix

   crottin, from crotte

Derived terms

• feminine form: -ine

German

Alternative forms

• -inn (dated)

Etymology

unclear

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɪn]

Suffix

-in ‎(plural -innen)

1. creates the female form of animals or persons or occupations; umlaut takes place on some occasions

   Autor ‎(“author”) + ‎-in → ‎Autorin ‎(“female author”)

   Gott ‎(“god”) + ‎-in → ‎Göttin ‎(“female god (goddess)”)

   Hund ‎(“dog”) + ‎-in → ‎Hündin ‎(“female dog, she-dog (bitch)”)

   Katze ‎(“cat”) + ‎-in → ‎Kätzin ‎(“female cat, she-cat”)

   Sänger ‎(“singer”) + ‎-in → ‎Sängerin ‎(“female singer”)

   Pastor ‎(“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin ‎(“female pastor”)

2. (dated) names the wife of a person

   Pastor ‎(“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin ‎(“wife of a pastor”)

3. (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)

   Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)

   • 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, p.2007:

   Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.

Derived terms

Ido

Suffix

-in

1. See -in-.

Japanese

Romanization

-in

1. rōmaji reading of いん

Luxembourgish

Etymology

Cognate with German -in.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /in/

Suffix

-in

1. used to form the female versions of agent nouns

Derived terms

Middle Dutch

Alternative forms

• -ijn
• -en

Etymology

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-in

1. -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.

Derived terms

Descendants

• Dutch: -en

Northern Sami

Etymology 1

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.

Suffix

-in

1. The ending of the comitative singular case.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.

Suffix

-in

1. The ending of the locative plural case.

Usage notes

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

Old High German

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

Suffix

-īn

1. used to create adjectives from nouns

   steinīn ‎(“made of stone”) from stein ‎(“stone”)

   guldīn ‎(“golden”) from gold ‎(“gold”)

Descendants

• German: -en

Tagalog

Verb Suffix

-in

1. object trigger: to do something to a person or a thing

   Lulutuin ko ang isda.

   I will cook the fish. (The fish is focused.)

2. directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

   Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia.

   We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (The grandmother is focused.)

3. actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon

   Binabaha ang bahay niya.

   His house is flooding. (His house is focused.)

4. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Iniisip-isip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko.

   I sometimes think about my past a bit. (My past is focused.)

Adjective Suffix

-in

1. prone to, susceptible to

   lagnat (fever) + -in = lagnatin (prone to fever)

   sakit (illness) + -in = sakitin (prone to illness)

Noun Suffix

-in

1. an object of the action expressed by the root

   awit (singing, song) + -in = awitin (song)

   aral (lesson, studying) + -in = aralin (studies)

Note on morphophonemics

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word end with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  sabi + -in = sabihin

  talo + -in = talunin

• Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.

  sunod + -in = sundin

  kamit + -in = kamtin

Derived terms

Turkish

Suffix

-in

1. Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   ev - evin

   house - your house

   ofis - ofisin

   office - your office

2. Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant

   öğretmen - öğretmenin

   teacher - teacher's/of the teacher

Usage notes

• If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes "-n" (for the possession suffix)

  kedi - kedin

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into "-ün", "-ın" and "-un" according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)

  yüz - yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

  saç - saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  yol - yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".

  sebep - sebebin

  köpek - köpeğin

  çekiç - çekicin

  senet - senedin

• It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.

  beyin - beynin

• If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n". (for the genitive case suffix)

  peri - perinin

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  Canberk - Canberk'in

Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

Suffix

-in

1. forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
2. forms adjectives from other adjectives

Derived terms

References

• “-in” in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru.