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Definition 2024

凍結

凍結

See also: 冻结

Chinese

		to freeze	knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit) knot; sturdy; to bear (fruit); bond; to tie; to bind
trad. (凍結)		凍	結
simp. (冻结)		冻	结

Verb

凍結

to freeze
(figuratively) to block or freeze (assets, accounts, personnel, etc.)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
凍	結
とう Grade: S	けつ Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

On'yomi

(Tokyo) とうけつ [tòókétsú] (Heiban - [0])^[1]

IPA^(key): [to̞ːke̞t͡sɯᵝ]

Noun

凍結 ‎(hiragana とうけつ, romaji tōketsu)

freezing

Verb

凍結する ‎(hiragana とうけつする, romaji tōketsu suru)

to freeze

Conjugation

Conjugation of "凍結する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	凍結し	とうけつし	tōketsu shi
Continuative (連用形)	凍結し	とうけつし	tōketsu shi
Terminal (終止形)	凍結する	とうけつする	tōketsu suru
Attributive (連体形)	凍結する	とうけつする	tōketsu suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	凍結すれ	とうけつすれ	tōketsu sure
Imperative (命令形)	凍結せよ¹ 凍結しろ²	とうけつせよ¹ とうけつしろ²	tōketsu seyo¹ tōketsu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	凍結される	とうけつされる	tōketsu sareru
Causative	凍結させる凍結さす	とうけつさせるとうけつさす	tōketsu saseru tōketsu sasu
Potential	凍結できる	とうけつできる	tōketsu dekiru
Volitional	凍結しよう	とうけつしよう	tōketsu shiyō
Negative	凍結しない	とうけつしない	tōketsu shinai
Negative continuative	凍結せず	とうけつせず	tōketsu sezu
Formal	凍結します	とうけつします	tōketsu shimasu
Perfective	凍結した	とうけつした	tōketsu shita
Conjunctive	凍結して	とうけつして	tōketsu shite
Hypothetical conditional	凍結すれば	とうけつすれば	tōketsu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

↑ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3

Etymology

凍 ("to freeze") + 結 ("to form; congeal")

Pronunciation

Mandarin

(Pinyin): dòngjié

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³ git³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung-kiet / tung-kiat
Min Nan (POJ): tòng-kiat

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
  - Pinyin: dòngjié
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donqjye
  - IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹ t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung³ git³
  - Yale: dung git
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung³ git⁸
  - IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³ kiːt̚³/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung-kiet
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung gied`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴ giad⁵
  - IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵ ki̯et̚²/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung-kiat
  - Hakka Romanization System: dung giad`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: dung⁴ giad⁵
  - IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵ ki̯at̚²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tòng-kiat
  - Tâi-lô: tòng-kiat
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dorngkiad
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ kiɛt̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ kiɛt̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ kiɛt̚³²/