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Definition 2024


χαλεπός

χαλεπός

Ancient Greek

Adjective

χᾰλεπός (khalepós) m (feminine χᾰλεπή, neuter χᾰλεπόν); first/second declension

  1. difficult, hard
    • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.59.3
      ὅπερ δὲ ἀναγκαῖόν τε καὶ χαλεπώτατον τοῖς ὧδε ἔχουσι, λόγου τελευτᾶν
      Finally, to do what is necessary and yet most difficult for men in our situation—that is, to make an end of speaking
  2. hard to bear, painful, grievous
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.417
      τὸν δ᾽ οὔ περ ἔχει θράσος ὅς κεν ἴδηται ἐγγὺς ἐών, χαλεπὸς δὲ Διὸς μεγάλοιο κεραυνός
      Then verily courage no longer possesseth him that looketh thereon and standeth near by, for dread is the bolt of great Zeus
  3. cruel, harsh, stern
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.232
      μή τις ἔτι πρόφρων ἀγανὸς καὶ ἤπιος ἔστω σκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς [...] ἀλλ᾽ αἰεὶ χαλεπός τ᾽ εἴη καὶ αἴσυλα ῥέζοι:
      Never henceforth let sceptred king with a ready heart be kind and gentle [...] but let him ever be harsh and work unrighteousness.
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.245
      καί μιν ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ:
      And with an angry glance Odysseus chid him with harsh words.
  4. savage, fierce
    • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.8.24
      τοὺς μὲν γὰρ κύνας τοὺς χαλεποὺς τὰς μὲν ἡμέρας διδέασι, τὰς δὲ νύκτας ἀφιᾶσι
      For dogs that are savage are tied up by day and let loose by night.

Inflection

Derived terms

  • ᾰ̓ντῐχᾰλεπαίνω (antikhalepaínō)
  • ᾰ̓χᾰλέπως (akhalépōs)
  • ἐπῐχᾰλεπαίνω (epikhalepaínō)
  • πᾰγχᾰ́λεπος (pankhálepos)
  • σῠγχᾰλεπαίνω (sunkhalepaínō)
  • τρῐχᾰ́λεπτος (trikháleptos)
  • ῠ̔ποχᾰλεπαίνω (hupokhalepaínō)
  • χᾰλεπαίνω (khalepaínō)
  • χᾰλεπότης (khalepótēs)
  • χᾰλέπτω (khaléptō)
  • χᾰλεπῶς (khalepôs)
  • χᾰλεπωτέρως (khalepōtérōs)
  • χᾰλεπώτᾰτᾰ (khalepṓtata)

Synonyms

  • (difficult): ἐργώδης (ergṓdēs)
  • (harsh, cruel): ᾰ̓μείλικτος (ameíliktos)

Antonyms

See also

References

  1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), χαλεπός [adj.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 1609